Mobile Computing PYQs

 Mobile Computing PYQ Questions

Q1. Answer following in brief: 

a) Explain Data dissemination issues in mobile networks. 

 Data dissemination issues in mobile networks refer to the challenges and considerations involved in distributing data efficiently and effectively to mobile devices. Some of the key issues include limited bandwidth, high latency, frequent disconnections, and varying network conditions. Strategies such as caching, prefetching, and adaptive data delivery algorithms are used to address these challenges and optimize data dissemination in mobile networks.

b) Explain the WAP Architecture in brief.

WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) Architecture is a protocol stack designed for wireless communication and mobile devices. It consists of multiple layers including the Wireless Application Environment (WAE), Wireless Session Protocol (WSP), Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP), Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS), and others. The architecture enables mobile devices to access and interact with web-based services and applications over wireless networks.

c) What is "Slow Start" in mobile computing?

 "Slow Start" is a congestion control algorithm used in mobile computing and TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) networks. It is part of the TCP's congestion control mechanism to regulate the flow of data. During the slow start phase, the sender initially increases the transmission rate slowly by sending a small number of packets and gradually increases the sending rate until it detects congestion or reaches the maximum threshold.

d) Differentiate between tunneling and reverse tunneling? 

Tunneling and reverse tunneling are techniques used in network communication:

Tunneling involves encapsulating one network protocol within another network protocol to transmit data across networks that do not natively support the encapsulated protocol. It creates a virtual tunnel for data transmission.

Reverse tunneling is the opposite process, where the encapsulated protocol is sent from the destination network back to the source network. It allows devices in private networks to establish connections with devices in public networks by initiating the tunneling from the destination side.

e) With the help of neat protocol stack, draw and explain three tier architecture for mobile computing. What are mobile nodes? Explain.

Three-tier architecture for mobile computing consists of three layers: the mobile device or client layer, the middleware or application server layer, and the backend server or database layer. The protocol stack can be represented as follows:

Client Layer: This layer includes the mobile devices or clients that interact with the applications and services. Examples of protocols in this layer include HTTP, HTTPS, WAP, and WSP.

Middleware Layer: This layer acts as an intermediate layer between the client layer and the backend server layer. It includes protocols such as WTP (Wireless Transaction Protocol) and WTLS (Wireless Transport Layer Security) for secure and reliable communication.

Backend Server Layer: This layer consists of the backend servers or databases that store and process the data. Protocols such as TCP/IP, HTTP, and SQL are used for communication between the middleware layer and the backend servers.

Mobile nodes refer to the individual devices or clients in a mobile computing network. These devices can be smartphones, tablets, laptops, or any other mobile device capable of connecting to a network and running applications. Mobile nodes can access services, exchange data, and communicate with other nodes in the network using the protocols and infrastructure provided by the mobile computing architecture.

Q2. a) Explain location management in mobile networks.

Location management in mobile networks involves tracking the current location of mobile devices as they move within the network. It enables the network to maintain updated information about the location of each device, which is crucial for routing incoming calls and messages efficiently. Location management consists of two main processes: location update and paging.

Location Update: When a mobile device moves to a new location area within the network, it needs to update its current location information. The device sends a location update request to the network, which updates its records with the new location of the device. This allows the network to forward incoming calls or messages to the correct location.

Paging: Paging is the process of locating a mobile device when there is an incoming call or message for that device. The network initiates a paging procedure by broadcasting a paging message to the location area where the device is registered. The mobile device receives the paging message and responds, allowing the network to establish a connection for the incoming call or message.

b) What is TCP/IP? Explain the architecture of TCP/IP with a schematic diagram. 

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a set of networking protocols used for communication between devices on the internet and other networks. It provides a reliable and connection-oriented communication service.

The architecture of TCP/IP is based on a layered approach. It consists of four layers:

Application Layer: This layer interacts with the applications running on the end systems. It includes protocols such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS.

Transport Layer: The transport layer provides end-to-end communication and ensures reliable data delivery. It includes protocols such as TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

Internet Layer: The internet layer handles the routing of data packets across different networks. It includes the IP (Internet Protocol) and ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) protocols.

Network Interface Layer: This layer is responsible for the physical transmission of data over the network. It includes protocols specific to the network technology being used, such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi.

3 a) Discuss GSM services and security in brief.

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a widely used mobile communication standard. It provides various services to users, including voice calls, SMS (Short Message Service), and data services.

GSM services:

Voice Calls: GSM enables users to make and receive voice calls using digital communication techniques.

SMS: GSM supports SMS, allowing users to send and receive short text messages.

Data Services: GSM provides data services such as GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) for internet connectivity and mobile data transmission.

GSM security:

GSM incorporates several security features to protect user communication and data. These include:

Authentication: GSM uses SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) cards to authenticate users on the network.

Encryption: Voice calls and data transmission are encrypted to ensure privacy and prevent unauthorized access.

Access Control: GSM implements access control mechanisms to prevent unauthorized devices from connecting to the network.

b) What are various handover procedure available in GSM? Explain. 

Handover procedures in GSM allow a mobile device to switch from one base station to another during an ongoing call or active connection. There are three types of handover procedures in GSM:

Intra-cell Handover: This type of handover occurs when a mobile device moves within the coverage area of the same base station. The handover is managed by the base station itself, and no coordination with other base stations is required.

Inter-cell Handover: Inter-cell handover happens when a mobile device moves from the coverage area of one base station to another within the same network. The handover is coordinated between the two base stations to ensure a seamless transition for the mobile device. The handover decision is based on factors such as signal strength and quality.

Inter-system Handover: Inter-system handover occurs when a mobile device moves from the coverage area of one GSM network to another network, such as switching from GSM to a different cellular technology like CDMA or WCDMA. The handover is managed by the network controllers of both networks, and the mobile device needs to re-register and establish a new connection.

The handover procedures in GSM are designed to ensure continuous communication and maintain call quality as mobile devices move within the network's coverage area. The handover process involves coordination between base stations and network controllers to hand off the connection seamlessly and minimize disruptions to ongoing calls or data sessions.

Q4. a) What is UMTS? Explain UMTS in detail. Explain the UMTS networks and list the advantages of third generation wireless standard. 

 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is a third-generation (3G) wireless communication standard that provides high-speed data and voice services. It is an evolution of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and supports higher data transfer rates and improved network capacity.

UMTS Networks:

UMTS networks consist of several key components:

User Equipment (UE): The UE refers to the mobile devices used by subscribers, such as smartphones, tablets, or data cards.

Radio Access Network (RAN): The RAN includes the Node B, which is responsible for transmitting and receiving radio signals to and from the UE, and the Radio Network Controller (RNC), which manages and controls the Node B.

Core Network (CN): The CN consists of various elements, including the Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN), and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). These elements handle call routing, data transfer, and connectivity to other networks.

Advantages of UMTS:

High Data Rates: UMTS offers higher data transfer rates compared to previous generations, enabling faster downloads, streaming, and multimedia services.

Improved Network Capacity: UMTS networks have increased capacity, allowing more simultaneous connections and better support for crowded areas with high user demand.

Enhanced Multimedia Services: UMTS supports a wide range of multimedia services, including video calls, mobile TV, video streaming, and high-quality audio playback.

Global Roaming: UMTS networks have global coverage, enabling seamless roaming and connectivity across different countries and regions.

Enhanced Security: UMTS incorporates advanced security mechanisms to protect user data and prevent unauthorized access.

Improved Quality of Service (QoS): UMTS networks prioritize different types of traffic, ensuring a better QoS for services such as voice calls and real-time applications.

Support for Multiple Applications: UMTS supports various applications, including internet browsing, email, instant messaging, and location-based services.

b) Differentiate between DSDV, DSR and AODV routing mechanism.

DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector), DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), and AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) are routing mechanisms used in mobile ad hoc networks. Here are the differences between them:

DSDV: DSDV is a proactive routing protocol that maintains routing tables containing destination sequences. Each node periodically exchanges routing information with its neighbors to establish and update routes. DSDV ensures loop-free paths and is suitable for networks with low mobility and stable topologies.

DSR: DSR is a reactive routing protocol that establishes routes on-demand. When a node needs to send data to a destination, it broadcasts a route request packet. Nodes that receive the request reply with the route information if they have a valid route. DSR uses source routing, where the entire route is included in the packet header. It is suitable for highly dynamic networks with frequent topology changes.

AODV: AODV is also a reactive routing protocol that establishes routes on-demand. Similar to DSR, it uses route request and route reply packets. However, AODV maintains only the next hop information instead of the entire route. Routes are created and updated as needed, and they expire after a certain period of inactivity. AODV is suitable for networks with dynamic topologies and low overhead.

The choice of routing mechanism depends on the specific requirements and characteristics of the mobile ad hoc network, such as mobility, network size, traffic load, and topology stability.

Q5. a) Differentiate between fixed assignment schemes and random assignment schemes. (6)

 Fixed assignment schemes and random assignment schemes are two different approaches used in wireless communication systems for resource allocation and assignment. Here are the differences between them:

Fixed Assignment Schemes:

In fixed assignment schemes, specific resources or channels are permanently allocated to specific users or devices.

Each user is assigned a fixed set of resources, such as time slots or frequency channels, which remain unchanged over time.

The resource allocation is pre-determined and does not change dynamically based on the network conditions or user requirements.

Fixed assignment schemes are typically used in systems with a limited number of users and relatively stable traffic patterns.

Examples of fixed assignment schemes include Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).

Random Assignment Schemes:

In random assignment schemes, resources or channels are dynamically assigned to users based on the current network conditions and user demands.

The assignment is made on-the-fly and can change over time as the network load and user requirements vary.

Random assignment schemes aim to optimize resource utilization and accommodate varying traffic patterns and user densities.

These schemes often use algorithms or protocols that dynamically allocate resources based on factors like channel availability, interference levels, and user priority.

Random assignment schemes are commonly used in systems with a large number of users and highly variable traffic loads.

Examples of random assignment schemes include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA).

b) Explain the architecture palm OS? Difference between Paging and Location update. (6.5)

Palm OS is an operating system designed for handheld devices, primarily used in Palm PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) and later in smartphones.

The architecture of Palm OS refers to the overall design and organization of the operating system used in Palm handheld devices. Palm OS is a multitasking, single-user operating system designed for simplicity, efficiency, and ease of use. Here are the key components and layers of the Palm OS architecture:

Kernel Layer:

• The kernel layer forms the core of the Palm OS architecture and provides essential system services.
• It manages memory allocation and deallocation, process scheduling, interrupt handling, and device drivers.
• The kernel layer also includes basic system functions, such as power management, event handling, and data storage management.

User Interface Layer:

• The user interface layer in Palm OS focuses on delivering a user-friendly and intuitive interface.
• It includes the graphical user interface (GUI) components, such as windows, menus, buttons, and text input fields.
• The user interface layer also handles user input through touch-sensitive screens, stylus input, and hardware buttons.

Application Layer:

• The application layer is where user applications and third-party software run.
• It provides an environment for developing and running various applications, including productivity tools, games, utilities, and more.
• Applications in Palm OS are typically written in C or a variation of it, using the Palm OS API (Application Programming Interface).

Data Management Layer:

• The data management layer handles data storage and retrieval in Palm OS.
• It includes the file system, database management system, and synchronization capabilities.
• Palm OS uses a flat file system and supports a simple database model known as the PDB (Palm Database) format.
• The data management layer also enables data synchronization with desktop computers, allowing users to transfer and update data between their handheld device and computer.

Communication Layer:

• The communication layer provides connectivity options for Palm OS devices.
• It includes protocols and drivers for various communication methods, such as serial communication, Infrared (IrDA), and wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth).
• The communication layer allows Palm OS devices to connect to other devices, exchange data, and access online services.

The key features and differences between Paging and Location update in the context of Palm OS:

Paging:

Paging is a mechanism used in mobile communication systems to locate and notify a mobile device of an incoming call or message.

In Palm OS, paging involves sending a signal or message to the handheld device to inform the user of an incoming event.

When the device receives a page, it initiates the necessary actions to notify the user, such as displaying a notification or ringing an alert.

Paging in Palm OS allows users to be alerted and respond to incoming calls, messages, or other events in a timely manner.

Location Update:

Location update refers to the process of updating the network with the current location of a mobile device.

In Palm OS, location update typically occurs when the device moves to a new location or enters a different network coverage area.

The device periodically sends location update messages to the network, informing it about the device's current location and status.

Location update is crucial for the network to keep track of the device's location and route incoming calls or messages to the appropriate location.

Q6. Explain following terms with reference to mobile IP :

a) Home address

In mobile IP, a home address refers to the permanent IP address assigned to a mobile node (MN) when it is connected to its home network. It is the address used to identify the MN within its home network. When the MN is away from its home network and moves to a foreign network, it still retains its home address, allowing it to maintain communication with other nodes on the internet.

b) Mobile node

A mobile node (MN) is a device or host that can change its point of attachment to the network and move from one network to another while maintaining ongoing network connectivity. It is typically a mobile device, such as a smartphone, laptop, or tablet. The MN can roam between different networks and maintain its IP connectivity by using mobile IP protocols and mechanisms.

c) Foreign Node

A foreign node (FN) is a node that resides in a foreign network and is responsible for handling the communication with mobile nodes that are visiting from their home networks. When a mobile node moves to a foreign network, it registers with the foreign node, which assigns a care-of address to the MN and forwards its packets to the MN's home network.

d) Foreign Network

A foreign network refers to the network infrastructure that is different from the home network of a mobile node. When the MN moves to a foreign network, it becomes a visitor in that network. The foreign network provides the necessary infrastructure and services to enable communication for the visiting MN.

e) Home Network

The home network is the network infrastructure to which a mobile node is originally assigned and where its home address is registered. It is the network where the MN's permanent IP address is assigned and maintained. The home network provides the necessary resources, services, and connectivity for the MN when it is within its home network. When the MN moves to a foreign network, it can still maintain communication with its home network through mobile IP mechanisms.

Q7. a) What are the multiplexing techniques (Space, Frequency, Code division) and definition of each?

Multiplexing techniques refer to the methods used to combine multiple signals or data streams into a single transmission medium. There are three main types of multiplexing techniques:

Space Division Multiplexing (SDM): SDM involves dividing the available physical space into multiple channels, with each channel dedicated to a specific user or data stream. It is commonly used in technologies like multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) in wireless communication systems, where multiple antennas are used to transmit and receive signals simultaneously.

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM): FDM divides the available frequency spectrum into multiple non-overlapping frequency bands. Each band is assigned to a different user or data stream, allowing simultaneous transmission over the same physical medium. FDM is widely used in analog communication systems, such as traditional broadcast radio and television.

Code Division Multiplexing (CDM): CDM involves assigning a unique code to each user or data stream and transmitting them simultaneously over the same frequency band. The codes are designed to be orthogonal, allowing the receiver to separate and decode the individual signals. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a popular example of CDM used in cellular communication systems.

b) Define WPABX, IrDA, Zigbee, RFID, WiMax in brief.

WPABX (Wireless Private Automatic Branch Exchange): WPABX is a wireless version of a private branch exchange (PBX) telephone system. It allows wireless connectivity and communication within an organization or business, eliminating the need for physical wired connections.

IrDA (Infrared Data Association): IrDA is a wireless communication technology that uses infrared light to transmit data between devices. It is commonly used for short-range communication between devices like smartphones, laptops, and printers.

Zigbee: Zigbee is a low-power wireless communication standard designed for short-range and low-data-rate applications. It is commonly used in home automation, industrial control, and sensor networks.

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification): RFID is a technology that uses radio waves to wirelessly identify and track objects or individuals. It consists of tags (containing unique identifiers) and readers to read the tags' information. RFID is widely used in areas like inventory management, access control, and transportation systems.

WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access): WiMax is a wireless communication technology that provides high-speed data transmission over long distances. It offers broadband connectivity in areas where wired infrastructure is limited or unavailable, making it suitable for providing internet access in rural or remote areas.

Q8. a) Difference between Hidden and Exposed Terminal, Near and Far Terminals.(6)

Hidden Terminal: In a wireless network, a hidden terminal refers to a situation where two nodes are out of range from each other but within range of a central access point. The hidden terminal problem occurs when two terminals, which cannot directly detect each other's transmission, attempt to communicate with the access point at the same time. As a result, collisions may occur when the signals from the hidden terminals overlap at the access point.

Exposed Terminal: An exposed terminal refers to a situation where a transmitting node is prevented from transmitting due to interference from another node that is out of range. The exposed terminal problem occurs when a transmitting node, which is within range of the receiver but out of range of another transmitting node, refrains from transmitting even though it would not cause any interference.

The main difference between hidden and exposed terminal is as follows:

Hidden Terminal: It occurs when two nodes cannot directly detect each other's transmission, causing potential collisions at the access point.

Exposed Terminal: It occurs when a transmitting node refrains from transmitting due to interference from another node, even though it would not cause any interference at the receiver.

Near and Far Terminals:

Near Terminal: In a wireless network, a near terminal refers to a terminal that is located in close proximity to the access point or receiver. It experiences stronger signal strength and lower transmission interference, resulting in higher data transmission rates.

Far Terminal: A far terminal refers to a terminal that is located far away from the access point or receiver. It experiences weaker signal strength and higher transmission interference, leading to lower data transmission rates compared to near terminals.

The main difference between near and far terminals is as follows:

Near Terminal: It is located in close proximity to the access point, resulting in stronger signal strength and higher data transmission rates.

Far Terminal: It is located far away from the access point, leading to weaker signal strength and lower data transmission rates.

b) What are the various methods for data synchronization? Explain. (6.5)

Data synchronization refers to the process of ensuring that data is consistent and up-to-date across multiple devices or systems. There are several methods for data synchronization, including:

File-Based Synchronization: This method involves synchronizing files or folders between devices by comparing timestamps or using specific synchronization software. Changes made to a file on one device are replicated on other devices to ensure consistency.

Database Synchronization: In database systems, data synchronization can be achieved through replication or mirroring techniques. Changes made to a database on one server are replicated to other servers to maintain data consistency.

Cloud-Based Synchronization: Cloud storage services offer synchronization features that automatically synchronize files or folders across multiple devices connected to the same cloud account. Any changes made on one device are propagated to other devices through cloud synchronization.

Peer-to-Peer Synchronization: This method involves direct synchronization between two or more devices without relying on a central server. Each device shares its changes with other devices in a peer-to-peer manner, ensuring data consistency.

Real-Time Synchronization: Real-time synchronization involves continuous monitoring and immediate synchronization of data changes. Whenever a change occurs on one device, it is instantly synchronized across other devices, ensuring real-time data consistency.

Q9. a) Explain wireless application protocols with the its version WAP 2.0 in detail. (6.5)

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a communication protocol designed for accessing information and services on wireless devices, such as mobile phones and PDAs. It provides a standardized way to deliver web content and applications to wireless devices, enabling users to access the internet and other services on their mobile devices. WAP 2.0 is an upgraded version of WAP that introduced several improvements and enhancements.

Features of WAP 2.0:

XHTML-MP: WAP 2.0 uses XHTML-MP (Mobile Profile), which is a subset of XHTML designed for mobile devices. It allows for better rendering of web content on small screens and provides support for multimedia and interactive features.

Improved Security: WAP 2.0 introduced enhanced security features, including support for secure socket layer (SSL) encryption and digital certificates. This ensures secure communication between the mobile device and the server, protecting sensitive data.

Support for Multimedia: WAP 2.0 offers improved multimedia capabilities, enabling the delivery of rich media content such as images, audio, and video to mobile devices. It supports popular media formats and provides better multimedia rendering capabilities.

Enhanced User Interface: WAP 2.0 introduced improvements in user interface design, allowing for more interactive and user-friendly experiences on mobile devices. It supports features like dynamic menus, forms, and navigation elements, enhancing the usability of mobile applications.

Compatibility with Existing Web Technologies: WAP 2.0 is designed to work with existing web technologies, making it easier for developers to create mobile-friendly versions of their websites and web applications. It supports integration with web services and APIs, enabling access to a wide range of online resources.

b) Describe the working of a contention-based MAC protocol with suitable examples. (6)

Contention-based MAC protocols are a type of medium access control protocols used in wireless networks where multiple devices share the same wireless medium. These protocols allow devices to transmit data in a distributed manner without the need for a central coordinator. The working of a contention-based MAC protocol involves the following steps:

Channel Sensing: Before transmitting data, a device listens to the wireless channel to check if it is idle or busy. If the channel is idle, the device proceeds to transmit its data. If the channel is busy, the device waits for a random amount of time and retries the sensing process.

Backoff Mechanism: In contention-based MAC protocols, devices use a backoff mechanism to avoid collisions. After sensing the channel as busy, the device waits for a random period of time before attempting to transmit again. The random backoff period helps in reducing the probability of collisions when multiple devices attempt to transmit simultaneously.

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA): CSMA/CA is a commonly used contention-based MAC protocol. It employs a virtual carrier sensing mechanism to avoid collisions. Before transmitting, a device sends a small control packet called a Request to Send (RTS) frame to the intended recipient. If the recipient receives the RTS frame successfully, it responds with a Clear to Send (CTS) frame, indicating that it is ready to receive data. This mechanism ensures that only the intended recipient receives the data, reducing the chances of collisions.

Example: One example of a contention-based MAC protocol is the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) used in the IEEE 802.11 standard for Wi-Fi networks. In DCF, devices contend for the channel by using the CSMA/CA protocol. They sense the channel, perform backoff based on random timers, and transmit their data when the channel is sensed as idle. If collisions occur, devices perform a backoff procedure to avoid further collisions.

Q10. a) Explain the MAC layer in IEEE802.11. What are the fixed assignment schemes of MAC protocol? Explain their mechanism in detail.(8)

The MAC (Media Access Control) layer in IEEE 802.11 standard is responsible for managing access to the wireless medium and ensuring efficient transmission of data between devices. It provides a set of rules and protocols for coordinating access and avoiding collisions in a shared wireless environment.

Fixed assignment schemes in MAC protocol are mechanisms used to allocate specific time slots or frequencies to different devices. These schemes include:

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA):

• TDMA divides the available time into fixed-size slots.
• Each device is allocated a specific time slot during which it can transmit data.
• Only one device can transmit within a time slot, avoiding collisions.
• Other devices listen and wait for their designated time slots.

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA):

• FDMA divides the available frequency spectrum into separate frequency channels.
• Each device is allocated a specific frequency channel for transmission.
• Devices can transmit simultaneously on different frequency channels, avoiding interference.

Hybrid TDMA/FDMA:

• This scheme combines the benefits of both TDMA and FDMA.
• The available time is divided into fixed-size slots, and each slot is further divided into frequency channels.
• Devices are assigned specific time slots and frequency channels for transmission.
• This scheme allows for efficient use of both time and frequency resources.

The mechanism of fixed assignment schemes involves a centralized controller, typically called the Access Point (AP), which coordinates the allocation of time slots or frequency channels to devices. The AP manages the scheduling and ensures that each device receives its designated slot or channel for transmission. Devices synchronize their transmissions based on the assigned slots or channels, avoiding collisions and maximizing the utilization of the wireless medium.

b) Discuss the features of HiperLAN.

HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network) is a wireless communication standard based on the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standard. It is designed for high-speed wireless data communication in local area networks.

Features of HiperLAN include:

High data rates: HiperLAN supports high-speed data transmission, providing data rates of up to 54 Mbps.

Frequency band: HiperLAN operates in the 5 GHz frequency band, offering improved performance and reduced interference compared to 2.4 GHz band used by other wireless standards.

Quality of Service (QoS): HiperLAN incorporates mechanisms for supporting different QoS requirements, allowing for prioritization of data traffic based on applications' needs.

Seamless roaming: HiperLAN supports seamless handover between access points, enabling mobile devices to maintain connectivity while moving within the network coverage area.

Security: HiperLAN includes security features such as encryption and authentication mechanisms to ensure secure transmission of data.

Scalability: HiperLAN supports a large number of devices, allowing for the expansion of the network to accommodate increasing user demands.

Multimedia support: HiperLAN is designed to handle multimedia applications with low latency and high bandwidth requirements, making it suitable for multimedia streaming and real-time communication.

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